Bits

For a loose ring snaffle, leave no more than 3–5 mm between the bit ring and the corner of the mouth on each side. Bits with fixed side pieces, such as olive heads and D-rings, should sit close to the corner of the mouth. They are typically sized about half a centimeter smaller.

Use the 2-finger test. If you feel pressure on both fingers when the horse closes his jaw, choose 14–16 mm. If there's more room, 16–18 mm may work. A thicker bit is not always softer: if it's too thick, it presses on the palate.

Neither is universally softer. Single jointed bits act mainly on the edges of the tongue and the lower jaw. Double jointed bits spread pressure over a larger area of the tongue, which makes them a gentler starting point for many horses. The right choice depends on the horse's anatomy, the rider's hand and the training situation.

Yes. Stainless steel is neutral and durable but doesn't encourage chewing. Copper alloys oxidize naturally and stimulate saliva and chewing. Herm Sprenger's Sensogan uses manganese instead of aluminum, which preserves this effect. The darkening of the bit is part of that process, not a defect.

It can be, but dental problems produce identical symptoms. Rule out dental issues first, then check the bit's fit, width and thickness before changing the mouthpiece.

A well-fitted, correctly sized loose ring snaffle in a quality material is almost always a safe starting point. A young or less-trained horse should have the gentlest bit possible. Bits with leverage and double bridles belong only with horses at the appropriate training level and a skilled rider.